The sustainable development agenda has emerged as a new paradigm associated to the relationship between economic growth and the use of natural resources. Inasmuch, its assumptions should guarantee for future generations the balance between the processes of nature and society. The Man and Biosphere Program, launched in 1971, has been considered as one of the most important biological conservation programs of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The strategy of creating Biosphere Reserves (RB) has moved the scope from global policy to local implementation projects. These units have since 2008 taken on the task of consolidating pristine areas in the construction of sustainability, combining natural landscapes with sustainable use through the participation of local populations. In this context, this interdisciplinary research analyzed the environmental and economic conditions of the municipalities of Marajó, Pará, applying the tool Barometer of Sustainability (BS). In addition, such results were used in the analysis of the challenges for the implementation of a Biosphere Reserve in the Marajó. Of the municipalities that make up the Marajó territory, 13 were pointed as potentially unsustainable, and the remaining three fell within the intermediary range of sustainability. According to the Barometer of Sustainability scale, all municipalities demonstrated critical socio-environmental conditions, creating an additional challenge for the implementation of the Biosphere Reserve due to such development background.
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