Indigenous peoples were not passive recipients of indigenous policies created by the
Brazilian State in the second half of the 20th century. On the contrary, they were the
protagonists of the struggle for equal rights, even when the context of political and
social crisis that characterized the Civil-Military Regime, between the years 1964-1985,
advanced on the future of the indigenous question through attempts at compulsory
emancipation that put jeopardize the survival of different peoples. The objective of this
thesis is to present an analysis that helps in the understanding of the strategies that
dimensioned the articulations of subjects and ethnic groups in defense of their
specificities and differences, contributing to the occurrence of political and social
emergencies characterized by the phenomena of ethnogenesis, which inform aspects of
indigenous citizenship under the terms established by the Brazilian Constitution of
1988. It is also to verify how contemporary indigenous movements, through their
agencies, based on exemplary initiatives, have appropriated civil representation
associations and school education as instruments at the service of training for the
exercise of full citizenship in the context of the struggle, still ongoing at the present
time, for the guarantee and achievement of rights that consider the socio-historical
specificities that inform multiculturalism in Brazil.
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