The research addresses the challenges for the protection of documentary heritage in the context
of illicit trafficking of cultural property. As a focal object, it is proposed to analyze the
limitations related to the investigation of the theft of 63 (sixty-three) works that took place in
the Special Collection of Rare Works of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, in 2008. Based on
this analysis, it is intended to place this fact in the broader context of crimes against institutions
that are custodians of documentary heritage assets in Brazil, which took place from the
beginning of the 21st century onwards. In its methodology, it is a case study built from
exploratory and descriptive research, with a qualitative approach, in which bibliographic and
documentary sources were consulted. The theoretical framework is composed of
interdisciplinary texts, covering several areas of knowledge relevant to the subject, such as
Cultural Heritage, Law, Museology, Librarianship and Information Science.
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