The Amazon floodplain has a rich biodiversity and its characteristics influence the economically and ecologically important natural aquatic resources for the people. On the basis of these information, the objective of this research was to characterize the composition and abundance of ichthyofauna in two floodplain lakes in the Santarem region, and to understand the use I buy fishers in the Piracãoera and Campos fishing communities, in the Urucurituba region, and Barreira and Correio communities in the Tapará region. Samples were taken in the Aramanaí and Curiquara lakes considering the four hydrological periods (rising, flood, low, dry) for the period between July of 2006 and April of 2007. For the fish sampling were used set gillnets batteries. To collect data on catches of fishermen, forms were used that contained information about the characteristics of the fisheries. We caught 10,146 fish, which were distributed in 156 species, 27 families and 8 orders. The most abundant families in number of individuals were Sciaenidae and Loricariidae. In Aramanaí Lake, the Loricaria sp, was the species with the highest CPUAn with 0.02 individuals per m². hour. In terms of CPUAp featured species Potamotrygon motoro, with 0.13 g.m ². hour and Pterygoplichthys pardalis with 0.11 g. m². hour. In Curiquara Lake, the main catch in number of individuals was represented by the Pachypops fourcroi with 0,001 individuals per m² of gillnet. Curiquara and Aramanaí lakes 9 trophic guilds were identified and for both lakes fish piscivores and detritivores showed the largest catch by weight. The average length of individuals caught in the lakes was 20.27 ± 7.53 cm. The highest mean length of individuals was in the flood and lower in the low period. When fishing is practiced by fishermen used a variety of fishing gear devices highlighting the gill netting. The use of gear depends on the environment exploited, target species, and in addition to the season, and there may be combinations of more than one gear during the catch. The average yield of the fisheries in the two regions was 10 kg.fishermen.dia-1. In Urucurituba region the CPUE average was 16kg.fishermen.dia-1, in Tapará was 4.5 kg.fishermen.dia-1. The Urucurituba’s fishermen showed the higher catch volume and fish marketing. These communities are partially fulfilling the rules of the fisheries agreements.
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