The topographic effects of a valley, a hill, a downward slope and an upward slope, on bidimensional frequency domain eletromagnetic soundings, cause a variation in the amplitude and the phase of Hz component due to a homogeneous medium. The amplitude is less affected than the phase. The wall of the valley nearer to the current line produces a reduction in the phase values while a farther wall causes an increase. The effects of a hill are opposite to that of a valley. The effects of a downward slope and of an upward slope in the homogeneous medium correspond to that of a single wall, nearer to the current line of the valley and of the hill respectively. The response of a conductive rectangular body placed in a homogeneous medium nearer to the current line sufferc small variations due to the presence of a valley or a hill farther away from the current source. However, if these topographic features lie above the body they affect strongly the phase and amplitude of Hz component and only the amplitude in the case of Hx component.
The transient response is not affected by topography at early times because only a small portion of earth is sounded; as well as at later times because the depth of investigation is very large compared to the topographic dimensions. For the models studied here, the major influence is at an intermediate time, about 7 ms, causing a retardation in cross-over positions in the sounding curves.
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