The gut microbiota plays an essential role in relation to the development of diseases
and physiology in human beings. Alterations and imbalances in the gut, which causes
dysbiosis, are associated not only to gastrointestinal disorders, but also to another
organs. A lot of factors are able to interfer in the composition of the gut microbiota,
including genetics, the mode of birth and ambiental/external aspects. Yet, the diet and
the nutritional individual state have showed to be the most importante factors that
meddle the quality of the gut ecossystem. Recently became evidente that intestinal
bacteria are able to affect the phyisiology and even the inflammation of the central
nervous system (CNS). The CNS and the gastrointestinal tract communicate through
a bidirectional pathway, called gutbrain axis, which makes multiple connections,
including the vagus nerve, the immune system, and metabolites from bacteria. When
dysbiosis occurs, the pathways are damaged and goes through modification, besides
the association to increased permeability of the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) and,
consequently, neuroinflammation. There are many immune routes involved in
homeostasis and CNS inflammation, and these are associated to psychological
disorders, as anxiety and depression, which are the focus of this review. The evidences
suggest that there is a reciprocal influence between the gut microbiota and the
inflammatory process that occurs in the brain. However, countless mechanisms behind
the impact that the gut microbiota displays in the pathogenesis of neurological
diseases remains uncharted. This narrative review shows the discussion and analysis
of the role that gut microbiota and intestinal ecossystem exert, the effects that dietary
changes promotes and also the administration of nutritional supplements (probiotics
and prebiotics) and the potential therapeutic effect that fecal transplants displays in
neuropsychiatric disorders. The search of the articles was realized through the
following data base: PubMed, Elsevier, Scielo, Google Scholar and Science Direct.
The inclusion criteria was the thematic relevance during the search and also recente
articles.
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