With the dominance of urban civilization across Brazilian territory, interaction with native peoples became accentuated. This facilitated the adoption by the indigenous population of more differentiated customs, promoting a series of changes in their lives. Therefore, the objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review on the prevalence of tooth decay in indigenous Brazilian adults and elderly people of different ethnicities, who live in their villages. The protocol for this systematic review is part of a larger research, which was registered in the PROSPERO database, and presented in accordance with the PRISMA checklist (CRD42020218704). Observational studies were included. The inclusion criteria were based on the CoCoPop strategy (Condition, Context, Population). The databases used for the research were PubMed, Embase, LILACS, Scopus and Web of Science, and the Brazilian catalog of Theses and Dissertations (CAPES). To check the risk of bias in the studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical assessment tools were used. The ethnic groups studied were Guarani, Kaiowá, Terena, Kadiwéu, Baniwa, Parakanã, Xavante, Potiguara, Korubo and Kaingang. The prevalence of tooth decay, in indigenous adults and elderly people, was presented in 7 studies, ranging from 4.17% to 100%. A meta-analysis of 4 studies was performed, using the random effects model and a 95% confidence interval (CI). The risk of bias was high in three studies, moderate in one and low in three. The evidence assessed by the GRADE system was very low. This systematic review showed differences in the prevalence of dental caries in indigenous adults and elderly Brazilians, despite very low evidence.
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