Dinâmica do desmatamento e consolidação de propriedades rurais na fronteira de expansão agropecuária no sudeste do Amazonas
Deforestation frontiers in Amazônia are represented by sub-regions co-existing side by side, exhibiting a distinct rate of landscape change. Migration patterns have become more complex with the passage of time since the opening of the Brazilian Amazon for colonization in the 1970s. Moreover, the fin...
| Autor principal: | Carrero, Gabriel Cardoso |
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| Grau: | Dissertação |
| Idioma: | por |
| Publicado em: |
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA
2020
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| Acesso em linha: |
https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/11835 http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4537761Y9 |
| Resumo: |
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Deforestation frontiers in Amazônia are represented by sub-regions co-existing side by side, exhibiting a distinct rate of landscape change. Migration patterns have become more complex with the passage of time since the opening of the Brazilian Amazon for colonization in the 1970s. Moreover, the financial relationships and strategies among different actors in the human population contribute to increase complexity in predicting their effects in land use and land cover change. This study aims to elucidate some of the questions related to new deforestation frontiers, mainly those located in regions with high annual precipitation. The study presents the deforestation dynamics and the rapid consolidation of cattle ranching in rural properties in the Rio Juma Settlement Project, in Apuí municipality. We assess the effects of geographic remoteness and of the high-precipitation climate of this region, as compared to the arc of deforestation . This attempt is valuable in disentangling the patterns and processes that contribute to the expansion of cattle ranching in regions like this, even though regions like this one offer many disadvantages and extremely low revenues. The analysis carried out in the first article used the total cumulative area holding as a continuous variable. Through the regression tree analysis method, it was possible to identify the distinct effects that different types of actors have on land use and land use change as related to the total deforested area. The result of these different actors on deforestation activities and farm consolidation of livestock infra-structure on their farm lots depended on the inherited vegetation cover and on the length of time on the farm lot, which is often related to the amount of capital available for investment. The expansion and consolidation of cattle ranching seems not to be linked to its profitability, but rather to other financial sources of the household or an illegal appropriation of financial resources (almost always public). This shows that the speculative character of cattle ranching in Amazonia even extends to small and medium landholders. The increase of farm consolidation in bigger and more capitalized farms indicates the potential for high deforestation rates in the future. These findings also reveal the displacement of a small peasant household contingent towards other frontiers leading to deforestation in those areas. The second article shows that macroeconomic factors do not affect or result in delayed deforestation responses when compared to other regions with lower annual average precipitation. The deforested area accumulated on the farm lots did not tend to stabilize between 3 and 6 years after settlement, and seemed to be associated with high turnover of landowners occupying the lots and the initial wealth allocated to forest felling. Moreover, the low level of law enforcement and the lack of alternative types of production that are economically feasible indicate that livestock, even though disadvantageous, is not infeasible. At this scale of analysis it was not possible to conclude what the factors are, and in what proportions they contribute to the expansion of cattle ranching. However, recently the increasing roles of sawmills and logging operations, gold mining and land speculation appear to be important sources of the financial resources applied to cattle ranching activities, as the funds for the ranching investments does not appear to be the livestock itself. Also, in Apuí cattle ranching does not seem to respond to direct effects of macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product or fluctuations of the exchange rate. Rather, the heterogeneity of deforestation frontiers as affected by local and regional effects evolve in a way that indicates that patterns and processes are often re-structured according to temporal local opportunities. The complexity of relations among deforestation actors must be better understood and included in spatial models of land-use dynamics if these models are to predict the future course and the rates of deforestation in Brazilian Amazônia. |