Estabelecimento e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em florestas de várzea na Amazônia Central
The seasonal inundation is the main factor influencing establishment, growth and survival of Amazonian floodplain tree species. However, hydrological seasonality is influenced by climatic variability such as El Niño and La Niña, which either causes an extension (La Niño) or reduction (La Niña) of...
| Autor principal: | Marinho, Tatiana Andreza da Silva |
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| Grau: | Tese |
| Idioma: | por |
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA
2020
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https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/12242 http://lattes.cnpq.br/4299942287747783 |
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oai:repositorio:1-12242 Estabelecimento e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em florestas de várzea na Amazônia Central Marinho, Tatiana Andreza da Silva Wittmann, Florian Ecologia de população Áreas alagáveis Várzea The seasonal inundation is the main factor influencing establishment, growth and survival of Amazonian floodplain tree species. However, hydrological seasonality is influenced by climatic variability such as El Niño and La Niña, which either causes an extension (La Niño) or reduction (La Niña) of the terrestrial phase and thus the vegetation period. The present study investigated the influence of inundation and climatic variability on establishment, growth, distribution, and structure of different tree species populations of Central Amazonian várzea forests. The study was performed in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, near the confluence of the Japurá and Solimões Rivers, Alvarães, Amazon State, Brazil. Two plot types were established along the flood-level gradient: I) Inventories of sapling tree individuals (tree height 1.0 m, diameter at breast height-DBH < 10 cm) and adult tree individuals (DBH 10.0 cm) were realized in 50 plots, each of the size of 2500 m2 (50 x 50 m), totaling an inventoried area of 12.5 ha, and II) Inventories of tree seedlings (tree height between 15 cm - 100 cm) were performed in 50 rectangular plots, each of the size of 50 m2 (1 x 50 m), totaling an inventoried area of 0.25 ha. According to their abundance along the flood-level gradient, tree species were classified as I) high-várzea species (HVS) (mean inundation height: 1.2±0.8 m), low-várzea species (LVS) (mean inundation height: 5.2±1.2 m), and transitional species (TS) (mean inundation height: 3.1±1.7 m). Inundation height and diameters (DBH in adult and sapling individuals, diameter near the soil surface in seedling individuals) of all individuals was recorded. To determine tree ages and diameter increment rates, wood samples with a diameter of 5 mm were extracted from adult tree populations (20 samples per species, 204 in total), and stem disks obtained from regenerating tree populations (min.: 10, max.: 20 per species, 160 in total). Tree ages and diameter increment rates were correlated to the flood-level gradient, using historical daily water-level data of the Negro/Amazon River at the harbor of Manaus since 1903, and to ENSO activity by using data from 1886 until 2010. A total number of 2058 individuals were sampled, which distributed to 1086 adult individuals, 495 seedlings and 477 saplings. Highest tree densities were recorded in LVS, followed by and TS and HVS. In all species populations, diameters were positively correlated to tree ages. In general, adult trees demonstrated higher diameter increment rates than sapling trees. Mean flood duration per year differed significantly I) between El Niño and La Niña years, II) between the investigated species populations, and III) between different age classes within the same species. No impact of La Niña events on tree species establishment and growth could be detected. However, tree regeneration clearly reacted more sensitive to climatic variability than the adult populations. The majority of investigated individuals (52.3%) established during El Niño years, indicating that the extension of the vegetation period is crucial for tree species establishment. Moreover, during El Niño years, tree regeneration demonstrated elevated diameter increment rates compared to other years. Although the seasonal inundations are the most important factor for tree establishment in floodplains, other factors like seed dispersal, competition and diverging recruitment strategies seem importantly to contribute to the distribution patterns of Amazonian várzea tree species. A inundação sazonal é o principal fator influenciando o estabelecimento, o crescimento e a sobrevivência de espécies arbóreas em florestas alagáveis na Amazônia. No entanto, a sazonalidade hidrológica desses ambientes é influenciada por eventos climáticos como o El Niño e a La Niña, os quais podem ora causar extensão (El Niño) ou redução (La Niña) da fase terrestre ou período vegetativo de crescimento para plantas em áreas alagáveis. Este estudo avaliou a influência da inundação e de eventos climáticos no estabelecimento, crescimento, distribuição e estrutura de diferentes populações de espécies arbóreas frequentes em florestas de várzea na Amazônia Central. O estudo foi conduzido na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, localizada na confluência dos rios Japurá e Solimões nas proximidades do Município de Alvarães, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Dois conjuntos de parcelas foram estabelecidas ao longo do gradiente de inundação para realizar o levantamento das plantas: I) Inventários de indivíduos juvenis (altura 1.0 m e diâmetro < 10 cm) e adultos (DAP 10.0 cm) foram realizados em parcelas de 2500m2 (50m x 50m) totalizando uma área inventariada de 12.5 ha; e II) Inventários de plântulas (altura 15 cm e < 100 cm) foram realizados em 50 parcelas retangulares de 50 m2 (1 x 50 m) cada, totalizando uma área inventariada de 0.25 ha. As espécies foram classificadas em função de sua distribuição ao longo do gradiente e abundância nas cotas: I) Espécies da várzea alta (EVA; inundação média=1.2±0.8m); II) Espécies da várzea baixa (EVB; inundação média=5.2±1.2m), e III) Espécies da várzea média (EVM; inundação média=3.1±1.7m). Foram medidas a altura de inundação e o diâmetro de todos os individuos arbóreos. Nas árvores, os diâmetros foram medidos a 1.30 m acima do solo, nos juvenis com altura 2.0 de altura e plântulas foram medidos na base do tronco próximo ao chão da floresta. Para determinar a idade e estimar as taxas de incremento radial das espécies foram extraídos e analisados cilindros de madeira de 5.0 mm de diâmetro para as populações dos adultos (n=20 por espécie; total=204) e discos de madeira para a populações da regeneração arbórea (min=10; max=20; total=160). A idade dos indivíduos arbóreos e as taxas de incremento foram correlacionadas com os níveis de inundação, usando os dados históricos de inundação do Rio Negro/Amazonas no Porto de Manaus que registra diariamente o nível das águas desde 1903; e com os eventos ENSO (El Niño e La Niña) registrados desde 1886 até 2010. Foi registrado um total de 2058 indivíduos, sendo 1086 de árvores adultas, 495 plântulas e 477 juvenis. As maiores densidades de indivíduos de adultos, juvenis e plântulas foram registradas nas EVB, seguidas pelas EVM e EVA. Em todas as populações o diâmetro esteve positivamente correlacionado com a idade dos indivíduos arbóreos. Em geral, as árvores adultas apresentaram maiores taxas de incremento diamétrico em comparação com as populações da regeneração. A duração média da inundação anual diferiu significativamente I) entre El Niño e La Niña, II) entre as populações de espécies investigadas, e III) entre as diferentes classes de idade de uma mesma espécie. Não foi detectado nenhum efeito dos eventos La Niña no estabelecimento e crescimento das espécies arbóreas. No entanto, a regeneração das populações arbóreas reagiu sensivelmente à variabilidade climática mais que das populações adultas. A maioria dos indivíduos investigados (52.3%) se estabeleceu durante anos de El Niño, indicando que a extensão do período vegetativo é crucial para o estabelecimento de espécies de várzea. Além disso, durante os anos de El Niño, a regeneração arbórea apresentou elevadas taxas de incremento diamétrico em comparação com os outros anos. Apesar de as inundações sazonais serem o fator mais importante para o estabelecimento de espécies de arvóres em ambientes alagáveis, outros fatores como dispersão de sementes, competição e diferentes estratégias de recrutamento parecem essencialmente contribuir para os padrões de distribuição de espécies arbóreas nas várzeas amazônicas. 2020-02-17T19:00:19Z 2020-02-17T19:00:19Z 2015-05-29 Tese https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/12242 http://lattes.cnpq.br/4299942287747783 por Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Brazil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/br/ application/pdf Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Ecologia |
| institution |
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - Repositório Institucional |
| collection |
INPA-RI |
| language |
por |
| topic |
Ecologia de população Áreas alagáveis Várzea |
| spellingShingle |
Ecologia de população Áreas alagáveis Várzea Marinho, Tatiana Andreza da Silva Estabelecimento e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em florestas de várzea na Amazônia Central |
| topic_facet |
Ecologia de população Áreas alagáveis Várzea |
| description |
The seasonal inundation is the main factor influencing establishment, growth and survival of
Amazonian floodplain tree species. However, hydrological seasonality is influenced by
climatic variability such as El Niño and La Niña, which either causes an extension (La Niño)
or reduction (La Niña) of the terrestrial phase and thus the vegetation period. The present
study investigated the influence of inundation and climatic variability on establishment,
growth, distribution, and structure of different tree species populations of Central Amazonian
várzea forests. The study was performed in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve,
near the confluence of the Japurá and Solimões Rivers, Alvarães, Amazon State, Brazil. Two
plot types were established along the flood-level gradient: I) Inventories of sapling tree
individuals (tree height 1.0 m, diameter at breast height-DBH < 10 cm) and adult tree
individuals (DBH 10.0 cm) were realized in 50 plots, each of the size of 2500 m2 (50 x 50
m), totaling an inventoried area of 12.5 ha, and II) Inventories of tree seedlings (tree height
between 15 cm - 100 cm) were performed in 50 rectangular plots, each of the size of 50 m2 (1
x 50 m), totaling an inventoried area of 0.25 ha. According to their abundance along the
flood-level gradient, tree species were classified as I) high-várzea species (HVS) (mean
inundation height: 1.2±0.8 m), low-várzea species (LVS) (mean inundation height: 5.2±1.2
m), and transitional species (TS) (mean inundation height: 3.1±1.7 m). Inundation height and
diameters (DBH in adult and sapling individuals, diameter near the soil surface in seedling
individuals) of all individuals was recorded. To determine tree ages and diameter increment
rates, wood samples with a diameter of 5 mm were extracted from adult tree populations (20
samples per species, 204 in total), and stem disks obtained from regenerating tree populations
(min.: 10, max.: 20 per species, 160 in total). Tree ages and diameter increment rates were
correlated to the flood-level gradient, using historical daily water-level data of the
Negro/Amazon River at the harbor of Manaus since 1903, and to ENSO activity by using data
from 1886 until 2010. A total number of 2058 individuals were sampled, which distributed to
1086 adult individuals, 495 seedlings and 477 saplings. Highest tree densities were recorded
in LVS, followed by and TS and HVS. In all species populations, diameters were positively
correlated to tree ages. In general, adult trees demonstrated higher diameter increment rates
than sapling trees. Mean flood duration per year differed significantly I) between El Niño and
La Niña years, II) between the investigated species populations, and III) between different age
classes within the same species. No impact of La Niña events on tree species establishment
and growth could be detected. However, tree regeneration clearly reacted more sensitive to
climatic variability than the adult populations. The majority of investigated individuals
(52.3%) established during El Niño years, indicating that the extension of the vegetation
period is crucial for tree species establishment. Moreover, during El Niño years, tree
regeneration demonstrated elevated diameter increment rates compared to other years.
Although the seasonal inundations are the most important factor for tree establishment in
floodplains, other factors like seed dispersal, competition and diverging recruitment strategies
seem importantly to contribute to the distribution patterns of Amazonian várzea tree species. |
| author_additional |
Wittmann, Florian |
| author_additionalStr |
Wittmann, Florian |
| format |
Tese |
| author |
Marinho, Tatiana Andreza da Silva |
| title |
Estabelecimento e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em florestas de várzea na Amazônia Central |
| title_short |
Estabelecimento e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em florestas de várzea na Amazônia Central |
| title_full |
Estabelecimento e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em florestas de várzea na Amazônia Central |
| title_fullStr |
Estabelecimento e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em florestas de várzea na Amazônia Central |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Estabelecimento e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em florestas de várzea na Amazônia Central |
| title_sort |
estabelecimento e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em florestas de várzea na amazônia central |
| publisher |
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| url |
https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/12242 http://lattes.cnpq.br/4299942287747783 |
| _version_ |
1787143883547738112 |
| score |
11.687526 |