Flush foliar na estação seca em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia central via webcam
There is an ongoing debate about the response of Amazon forests to extreme and to normal seasonal drought. Satellite observed Amazon green-up during the 2005 drought remains controversial, with green-up attributed by some to cloud/aerosol contamination. Satellite detection of dry-season green-up...
| Autor principal: | Marostica, Suelen Jorge Felizatto |
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| Grau: | Dissertação |
| Idioma: | por |
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA
2020
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https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/12630 http://lattes.cnpq.br/6793414885761317 |
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oai:repositorio:1-12630 Flush foliar na estação seca em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia central via webcam Marostica, Suelen Jorge Felizatto Nelson, Bruce Walker Flush foliar Seca Terra firme There is an ongoing debate about the response of Amazon forests to extreme and to normal seasonal drought. Satellite observed Amazon green-up during the 2005 drought remains controversial, with green-up attributed by some to cloud/aerosol contamination. Satellite detection of dry-season green-up in years of normal rainfall is also confounded in the southern Amazon by decreasing solar zenith angle. To address these concerns by direct assessment of changes in the forest canopy, a high-resolution (1028x720p) 3-band video camera was mounted 54 m above the forest floor on an eddy covariance tower 60 km north of Manaus. Camera aim was south, perpendicular to the solar transit, with an oblique downward view. Automatic color balance was turned off. For 134 days from the middle of the dry season to mid rainy season (23 Sept, 2010 to 03 Feb, 2011) one frame was captured every 10s. From these, a single frame was chosen per day, obtained under diffuse solar illumination near local noon with minimal variation (< +-10%) in overall reflected scene brightness. Auto-exposure of the camera compensated this minor variation. Changes in greenness and woodiness were examined using three approaches: (1) visual classification of transition types for all trees that underwent marked full-crown changes during the dry season; (2) relative green channel brightness averaged over the entire frame; and (3) unstandardized Principal Component Analysis of the entire frame to remove spatial variations in illumination (PC1) and estimate area of exposed bark (threshold of PC2). Of 13 trees that underwent full-crown transitions in the first month (dry season), 11 were experiencing some stage of leaf flush . Relative brightness of the green channel over the entire frame showed that a flush of new leaves was already taking place at the beginning of the study and continued at least into October, when leaf maturation caused changes in leaf colors, limiting the usefulness of this indicator. The area of exposed bark decreased steeply during the mid-dry season leaf flush and further suggested that leafing-out continued at a slower pace into the rainy season. Due to spectral stability of exposed bark over time, this is a more reliable indicator of leaf phenology than the leaves themselves. The results of this study contribute an understanding of what controls seasonality of vegetation greenness in Amazonia and its photosynthesis response. Existe um debate em curso sobre a resposta das florestas na Amazônia às secas extremas e às variações sazonais normais. Observações a partir de um sensor orbital de green-up na Amazônia durante a seca de 2005 permanecem controversas, com grande parte do fenômeno atribuído a contaminações por nuvens/aerossóis. Detecção por satélite do green-up no sul da Amazônia na estação seca foi atribuída ao artefato de sazonalidade no ângulo solar. Para avaliar mais diretamente as mudanças no dossel de uma floresta de terra firme da Amazônia Central, utilizou-se uma câmera de vídeo com três bandas na faixa do visível, resolução de 1028x720 pixels, fixa 54 m acima do chão da floresta em uma torre de covariância de fluxo, 60 km ao norte de Manaus. A mira da câmera foi ao sul, perpendicular ao trânsito solar, e obliqua para baixo. Foi desligada a compensação automática de cor (color-balance). Ao longo de 134 dias entre o pico da estação seca e o meio da estação chuvosa (23-set, 2010 a 03-fev, 2011), foi capturado um frame a cada 10 s. Foi selecionado ~um frame por dia, sob iluminação solar difusa, próximo ao meio-dia local e com variação < +/-10% no brilho geral refletido. A exposição automática da câmera compensou esta variação. As mudanças em greenness e madeirosidade foram medidas usando três abordagens: (1) classificação visual de tipos de transição para todas as árvores que experimentaram mudanças na copa por inteiro, durante o pico da estação seca; (2) médio, em todo o frame, do brilho relativo do canal verde; e (3) análise de componentes principais, com dados não padronizados, sobre todo o frame, para remover variações espaciais na iluminação (PC1) e estimar a área de madeira exposta (limiar do PC2). Das treze árvores que sofreram uma transição completa da copa na estação seca, onze experimentaram algum estágio de flush foliar. O brilho relativo do canal verde mostrou que este flush de folhas novas já estava acontecendo no início do estudo e continuou pelo menos até outubro, quando a maturação das folhas causou mudanças na sua coloração, limitando o uso desse indicador. A área de madeira exposta diminuiu abruptamente durante a estação seca e continuou caindo em ritmo menor no decorrer da estação chuvosa. Este indicador foi considerado mais confiável, devido a sua estabilidade espectral. Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para o entendimento da real sazonalidade de greenness da vegetação na Amazônia e sua resposta à fotossíntese. 2020-02-17T20:25:41Z 2020-02-17T20:25:41Z 2011-07-19 Dissertação https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/12630 http://lattes.cnpq.br/6793414885761317 por Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Brazil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/br/ application/pdf Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Clima e Ambiente - CLIAMB |
| institution |
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - Repositório Institucional |
| collection |
INPA-RI |
| language |
por |
| topic |
Flush foliar Seca Terra firme |
| spellingShingle |
Flush foliar Seca Terra firme Marostica, Suelen Jorge Felizatto Flush foliar na estação seca em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia central via webcam |
| topic_facet |
Flush foliar Seca Terra firme |
| description |
There is an ongoing debate about the response of Amazon forests to extreme and to normal
seasonal drought. Satellite observed Amazon green-up during the 2005 drought remains
controversial, with green-up attributed by some to cloud/aerosol contamination. Satellite
detection of dry-season green-up in years of normal rainfall is also confounded in the southern
Amazon by decreasing solar zenith angle. To address these concerns by direct assessment of
changes in the forest canopy, a high-resolution (1028x720p) 3-band video camera was
mounted 54 m above the forest floor on an eddy covariance tower 60 km north of Manaus.
Camera aim was south, perpendicular to the solar transit, with an oblique downward view.
Automatic color balance was turned off. For 134 days from the middle of the dry season to
mid rainy season (23 Sept, 2010 to 03 Feb, 2011) one frame was captured every 10s. From
these, a single frame was chosen per day, obtained under diffuse solar illumination near local
noon with minimal variation (< +-10%) in overall reflected scene brightness. Auto-exposure
of the camera compensated this minor variation. Changes in greenness and woodiness were
examined using three approaches: (1) visual classification of transition types for all trees that
underwent marked full-crown changes during the dry season; (2) relative green channel
brightness averaged over the entire frame; and (3) unstandardized Principal Component
Analysis of the entire frame to remove spatial variations in illumination (PC1) and estimate
area of exposed bark (threshold of PC2). Of 13 trees that underwent full-crown transitions in
the first month (dry season), 11 were experiencing some stage of leaf flush . Relative
brightness of the green channel over the entire frame showed that a flush of new leaves was
already taking place at the beginning of the study and continued at least into October, when
leaf maturation caused changes in leaf colors, limiting the usefulness of this indicator. The
area of exposed bark decreased steeply during the mid-dry season leaf flush and further
suggested that leafing-out continued at a slower pace into the rainy season. Due to spectral
stability of exposed bark over time, this is a more reliable indicator of leaf phenology than the
leaves themselves. The results of this study contribute an understanding of what controls
seasonality of vegetation greenness in Amazonia and its photosynthesis response. |
| author_additional |
Nelson, Bruce Walker |
| author_additionalStr |
Nelson, Bruce Walker |
| format |
Dissertação |
| author |
Marostica, Suelen Jorge Felizatto |
| title |
Flush foliar na estação seca em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia central via webcam |
| title_short |
Flush foliar na estação seca em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia central via webcam |
| title_full |
Flush foliar na estação seca em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia central via webcam |
| title_fullStr |
Flush foliar na estação seca em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia central via webcam |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Flush foliar na estação seca em floresta de terra firme na Amazônia central via webcam |
| title_sort |
flush foliar na estação seca em floresta de terra firme na amazônia central via webcam |
| publisher |
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| url |
https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/12630 http://lattes.cnpq.br/6793414885761317 |
| _version_ |
1787141114366525440 |
| score |
11.755432 |