This study evaluated the contribution of command and control instruments and payment for environmental services in reducing deforestation in state conservation units, based on the analysis of the effectiveness of the state environmental inspection and the Bolsa Floresta Program in two Sustainable Development Reserves (RDSs): Juma and Rio Negro, located in the State of Amazonas, in areas subject to pressure and threatened by the use and occupation of land and the advance of deforestation. The study involved documentary and field research, through the application of questionnaires. In order to infer the effectiveness of environmental monitoring, it was estimated the value of deterrence in relation to the deforestation infractions practiced in the RDSs in the period from 2012 to 2016 and the tendency of the behavior to commit the infraction, based on the mathematical model proposed by Schmitt (2015). To infer about the effectiveness of the Bolsa Floresta Program, two indicators (environmental and welfare) were estimated, measured based on the perception of the families living in the RDSs. The application of the mathematical model indicated ineffectiveness of the state environmental control in the control of the deforestation in the RDSs and a null value for deterrence due to the fiscalization. Confronting this result to the perception of the community, it was verified that despite the low dissuasive power, the action of the environmental inspection was necessary for the control of deforestation. For the Bolsa Floresta Program, community perceptions about the conservation of forests and well-being provided by payment for environmental services, indicated an average effectiveness, which suggests a greater environmental awareness of families and improvements in their well-being, on the other, that there is a need for improvements, especially in relation to productive practices and the generation of income. It was verified that the regulatory approach should be improved in order to work together with prevention and guidance actions aimed at small producers and the traditional population, complementing the family income generation strategy, in harmony with environmental conservation.
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