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Artigo
Convergent Adaptations: Bitter Manioc Cultivation Systems in Fertile Anthropogenic Dark Earths and Floodplain Soils in Central Amazonia
Shifting cultivation in the humid tropics is incredibly diverse, yet research tends to focus on one type: long-fallow shifting cultivation. While it is a typical adaptation to the highly-weathered nutrient-poor soils of the Amazonian terra firme, fertile environments in the region offer opportunitie...
Autor principal: | Fraser, James A. |
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Outros Autores: | Alves-Pereira, Alessandro, Junqueira, André Braga, Peroni, Nivaldo, Clement, Charles Roland |
Grau: | Artigo |
Idioma: | English |
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PLoS ONE
2020
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https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/14724 |
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oai:repositorio:1-14724 Convergent Adaptations: Bitter Manioc Cultivation Systems in Fertile Anthropogenic Dark Earths and Floodplain Soils in Central Amazonia Fraser, James A. Alves-Pereira, Alessandro Junqueira, André Braga Peroni, Nivaldo Clement, Charles Roland Starch Adaptation Agricultural Procedures Agricultural Worker Agroecosystem Amazonian Anthropogenic Dark Earth Soil Bitter Manioc Cultivation System Brasil Cassava Convergent Adaptation Cropping System Ethnic Group Farming System Floodplain Soil Genetic Screening Microenvironment Nutrient River Soil Analysis Soil Chemistry Soil Fertility Soil Property Adaptation, Physiological Agriculture Biodiversity Floods Manihot Soil South America Taste Trees Manihot Esculenta Shifting cultivation in the humid tropics is incredibly diverse, yet research tends to focus on one type: long-fallow shifting cultivation. While it is a typical adaptation to the highly-weathered nutrient-poor soils of the Amazonian terra firme, fertile environments in the region offer opportunities for agricultural intensification. We hypothesized that Amazonian people have developed divergent bitter manioc cultivation systems as adaptations to the properties of different soils. We compared bitter manioc cultivation in two nutrient-rich and two nutrient-poor soils, along the middle Madeira River in Central Amazonia. We interviewed 249 farmers in 6 localities, sampled their manioc fields, and carried out genetic analysis of bitter manioc landraces. While cultivation in the two richer soils at different localities was characterized by fast-maturing, low-starch manioc landraces, with shorter cropping periods and shorter fallows, the predominant manioc landraces in these soils were generally not genetically similar. Rather, predominant landraces in each of these two fertile soils have emerged from separate selective trajectories which produced landraces that converged for fast-maturing low-starch traits adapted to intensified swidden systems in fertile soils. This contrasts with the more extensive cultivation systems found in the two poorer soils at different localities, characterized by the prevalence of slow-maturing high-starch landraces, longer cropping periods and longer fallows, typical of previous studies. Farmers plant different assemblages of bitter manioc landraces in different soils and the most popular landraces were shown to exhibit significantly different yields when planted in different soils. Farmers have selected different sets of landraces with different perceived agronomic characteristics, along with different fallow lengths, as adaptations to the specific properties of each agroecological micro-environment. These findings open up new avenues for research and debate concerning the origins, evolution, history and contemporary cultivation of bitter manioc in Amazonia and beyond. © 2012 Fraser et al. 2020-04-24T17:00:56Z 2020-04-24T17:00:56Z 2012 Artigo https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/14724 10.1371/journal.pone.0043636 en Volume 7, Número 8 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Brazil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/br/ application/pdf PLoS ONE |
institution |
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - Repositório Institucional |
collection |
INPA-RI |
language |
English |
topic |
Starch Adaptation Agricultural Procedures Agricultural Worker Agroecosystem Amazonian Anthropogenic Dark Earth Soil Bitter Manioc Cultivation System Brasil Cassava Convergent Adaptation Cropping System Ethnic Group Farming System Floodplain Soil Genetic Screening Microenvironment Nutrient River Soil Analysis Soil Chemistry Soil Fertility Soil Property Adaptation, Physiological Agriculture Biodiversity Floods Manihot Soil South America Taste Trees Manihot Esculenta |
spellingShingle |
Starch Adaptation Agricultural Procedures Agricultural Worker Agroecosystem Amazonian Anthropogenic Dark Earth Soil Bitter Manioc Cultivation System Brasil Cassava Convergent Adaptation Cropping System Ethnic Group Farming System Floodplain Soil Genetic Screening Microenvironment Nutrient River Soil Analysis Soil Chemistry Soil Fertility Soil Property Adaptation, Physiological Agriculture Biodiversity Floods Manihot Soil South America Taste Trees Manihot Esculenta Fraser, James A. Convergent Adaptations: Bitter Manioc Cultivation Systems in Fertile Anthropogenic Dark Earths and Floodplain Soils in Central Amazonia |
topic_facet |
Starch Adaptation Agricultural Procedures Agricultural Worker Agroecosystem Amazonian Anthropogenic Dark Earth Soil Bitter Manioc Cultivation System Brasil Cassava Convergent Adaptation Cropping System Ethnic Group Farming System Floodplain Soil Genetic Screening Microenvironment Nutrient River Soil Analysis Soil Chemistry Soil Fertility Soil Property Adaptation, Physiological Agriculture Biodiversity Floods Manihot Soil South America Taste Trees Manihot Esculenta |
description |
Shifting cultivation in the humid tropics is incredibly diverse, yet research tends to focus on one type: long-fallow shifting cultivation. While it is a typical adaptation to the highly-weathered nutrient-poor soils of the Amazonian terra firme, fertile environments in the region offer opportunities for agricultural intensification. We hypothesized that Amazonian people have developed divergent bitter manioc cultivation systems as adaptations to the properties of different soils. We compared bitter manioc cultivation in two nutrient-rich and two nutrient-poor soils, along the middle Madeira River in Central Amazonia. We interviewed 249 farmers in 6 localities, sampled their manioc fields, and carried out genetic analysis of bitter manioc landraces. While cultivation in the two richer soils at different localities was characterized by fast-maturing, low-starch manioc landraces, with shorter cropping periods and shorter fallows, the predominant manioc landraces in these soils were generally not genetically similar. Rather, predominant landraces in each of these two fertile soils have emerged from separate selective trajectories which produced landraces that converged for fast-maturing low-starch traits adapted to intensified swidden systems in fertile soils. This contrasts with the more extensive cultivation systems found in the two poorer soils at different localities, characterized by the prevalence of slow-maturing high-starch landraces, longer cropping periods and longer fallows, typical of previous studies. Farmers plant different assemblages of bitter manioc landraces in different soils and the most popular landraces were shown to exhibit significantly different yields when planted in different soils. Farmers have selected different sets of landraces with different perceived agronomic characteristics, along with different fallow lengths, as adaptations to the specific properties of each agroecological micro-environment. These findings open up new avenues for research and debate concerning the origins, evolution, history and contemporary cultivation of bitter manioc in Amazonia and beyond. © 2012 Fraser et al. |
format |
Artigo |
author |
Fraser, James A. |
author2 |
Alves-Pereira, Alessandro Junqueira, André Braga Peroni, Nivaldo Clement, Charles Roland |
author2Str |
Alves-Pereira, Alessandro Junqueira, André Braga Peroni, Nivaldo Clement, Charles Roland |
title |
Convergent Adaptations: Bitter Manioc Cultivation Systems in Fertile Anthropogenic Dark Earths and Floodplain Soils in Central Amazonia |
title_short |
Convergent Adaptations: Bitter Manioc Cultivation Systems in Fertile Anthropogenic Dark Earths and Floodplain Soils in Central Amazonia |
title_full |
Convergent Adaptations: Bitter Manioc Cultivation Systems in Fertile Anthropogenic Dark Earths and Floodplain Soils in Central Amazonia |
title_fullStr |
Convergent Adaptations: Bitter Manioc Cultivation Systems in Fertile Anthropogenic Dark Earths and Floodplain Soils in Central Amazonia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Convergent Adaptations: Bitter Manioc Cultivation Systems in Fertile Anthropogenic Dark Earths and Floodplain Soils in Central Amazonia |
title_sort |
convergent adaptations: bitter manioc cultivation systems in fertile anthropogenic dark earths and floodplain soils in central amazonia |
publisher |
PLoS ONE |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/14724 |
_version_ |
1787143538726666240 |
score |
11.653393 |