Thousands of people have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
since the beginning of the epidemic, and several have died as a result of its
complications, which has been growing in the female population due to the increase in
heterosexual transmission. Women who are of reproductive age are more likely to
become pregnant and when infected, there is a need for care to prevent maternal and
child infection, which is responsible for the majority of the infection in children under
13 years old. A literature review on the topic was presented in this work, addressing the
history of HIV infection, the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects,
diagnosis of the infection, treatment especially in pregnant women, and prevention and
control measures both infection and vertical transmission. An epidemiological and
clinical study was also presented in pregnant women with HIV who were seen at the
Tropical Diseases Hospital of the Federal University of Tocantins (HDT-UFT) during
the period from 2015 to 2019 in order to learn about the characteristics of the infected
pregnant women. Data collection took place at HDT-UFT through the analysis of
clinical records, in which, after tabulation, they were submitted to statistical analysis,
considering the absolute and percentage frequency. For the qualitative variables, a
dispersion study was carried out using Fisher's exact test and the Chi-square test, and for
the quantitative variables, the F test was performed, using the treatments detectable and
non-detectable viral load, whose type 1 error probability was 0.05. The average age of
the 85 pregnant women was 26 years old, with the age group from 26 to 34 years old
observed in most of them (48.24%). The predominant level of education was High
School (37.64%) and the self-declared color was brown (91.76%). These were from
three states: Tocantins (90.58%), Pará (7.06%) and Maranhão (2.35%), and they mostly
had a steady partner (80%), most of whom were unaware of their status serological
(44.11%). A significant difference was observed (p = 0.0001) between pregnant women
aged ≥ 25 years and <25 years in relation to viral load. Approximately 56.47% of these
were diagnosed with HIV before pregnancy, 45.88%, started follow-up in the first
trimester of pregnancy and 5.88% contracted syphilis during pregnancy. The HIV viral
load (CV-HIV) was undetectable in 57.65% of pregnant women, and the most used
antiretroviral therapy (ART) (50.60%) in the treatment of HIV included the use of
tenofovir (TDF), lamivudine ( 3TC) and efavirenz (EFZ), whose adherence comprised
85.90% of the studied pregnant women, with a dropout rate of 14.10%. There was a
significant difference between the variables HIV diagnosis (p = 0.0133) and gestational
trimester (p = 0.0001), which influenced the viral load of HIV. The importance of
adhering to the recommendations of the Ministry of Health for the prevention of vertical
transmission is observed in the fact that the majority of pregnant women are adherent to
the treatment, have low levels of viral load, showing that they were concerned with their
quality of life and that of the child, seeking rapid care and thus reducing the risk of
transmission of the infection.
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