HIV infection compromises the immune system causing destruction of the cells mostly hosted
as LT-CD4+. The virus can be transmitted through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion,
contact with contaminated puncture materials, vertical transmission and breastfeeding. As a
prophylactic measure for a vertical transmission the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy
(HAART) is adopted from the fourteenth week of gestation, which advocates a reduction of
the viral load to undetectable levels until the moment of delivery. However, there are no
problems that can cause HAART, which can not be created in life in training and in the
neonatal period, as well as the effect of this treatment on infant growth and development.
Initially, a literature search was carried out in a systematized manner in the National Library
of Medicine (National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases
that includes the Medical Literature Analysis and Recovery System Online (MEDLINE ),
Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Nursing Database
(BDENF) and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online). (1) "HIV HIV Brazil", (2) "HIV
adolescent HIV", (3) "HIV anthropometry Brazil" and (4) "HIV Brazil nutritional
assessment", adding "e" filter For advanced research. Thirteen articles were selected after
reading in their entirety. These studies contributed to the development of a retrospective
cohort study of 140 uninfected exposed children attended at a referral service specializing in
the care of people living with HIV / AIDS in Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. Data were collected
from children at birth and subsequent visits categorized in three moments (m0, m1, m2 and
m3) and maternal information. Anthropometric indexes (weight-for-age, weight-for-height,
body-for-age-for-age, weight-for-height and cephalic-for-age) were used to verify nutritional
status and proportionality indices cephalic by thoracic perimeter, Roher index and head
circumference weight). The statistical tests of X², t-student, Tukey, Friedman and ANOVA
and Kruskall Wallis were used. They show that regardless of whether it is HIV activity in the
host or by the use of HAART, children living with HIV / AIDS may present changes in bone
metabolism, but adequate intake and serum micronutrient monitoring may prevent such
disorders. There is also association of HAART with dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy in the
populations studied. The cohort study showed a tendency to risk of overweight or overweight
during follow-up, as well as statistical significance in relation to the early introduction of food
and the values of CD4 and CD8. No changes were found in the proportionality indices. The
shortage of research with Brazilians made the correlations more difficult. It is concluded that the monitoring of the nutritional status of children and adolescents can minimize clinical and
metabolic changes, being determinant for the evaluation of the risk of disease progression
and, consequently, treatment success.
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