Concerning water scarcity the Brazilian Amazon is a privileged region as Amazon Basin presents high precipitation rates and is the largest river basin in the world (6,925,000 km2), in which almost 63% of the area is situated in Brazil. However, its water quality is in dangerous nowadays, due to an accelerated process of occupation of Eastern Amazon that was initiated in 1958 with the building of Belém- Brasília highway, and that has promoted great landscape changes related to timber and agriculture activities. Considering the significant differences in the water resources use and environmental impacts on them, related to different social agents, specifically those of cattle farm and grain crops in Eastern Amazon, we designed a research to identify and evaluate the conditioning factors which influence farmers behaviors of Cinquenta e Quatro and Sete streams catchments in Paragominas (PA). In this context, we tried to verify if this social actors use appropriated agriculture practices in the production systems that they have adopted, including the soil management, and if they have any proactive worry for the Amazonian streams conservation that run through their lands, especially water quality maintenance. Secondary data of water quality and land use dynamic in these watersheds has supported this work research by being related to agriculture practices and soil management adopted in the studied farms. Some conditioning factors that influence farm management have been identified as those that promoted land use and land cover changes in the studied small catchments resulting in different level of impacts to water stream quality. These factors are: (1) land occupation and farm management patterns adopted by the different social agents in the watersheds; (2) the disobedience to environmental law that says about natural resources preservation policies, especially water resources; (3) the economic interests that prioritizes fast productivity and profitability over the sustainability of natural capital water; and (4) the called conservationist agriculture techniques that do not stimulate a integrated vision among the different landscape components and that do not consider impacts to water resources. We conclude that water quality in Cinquenta e Quatro and Sete streams catchments is mainly threatened by the agriculture practices and land management that have being done by the farmers. Among the identified factors we highlighted that the adoption or no adoption of conservationist techniques, when these ones are not coupled with an integrated vision of environmental compartments, have little influence to water resources in the studied catchments, as in a general way law conservation areas are not being respected. Through environmental Brazilian law view, the observed consequence is that the multiple water use in these catchments is threatened.
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