This work was built starting from a central question which tried to understand the reason why an area such as the municipal district of Guajará-Mirim which used to be considered the most beautiful city of the state of Rondônia, during the 1970’s and 1980’s, today, however, it is apathetic, with no focus at all of a vision of progress, blind of a project of defined local development, without vitality and without the shine that used to have in such recent past which made its population proud of it and its famous "nickname", "Pearl of Mamoré."On the other hand, the municipal districts along the axis of BR-364 that presented a situation very different from Guajará-Mirim, therefore, more prosperous. Considering this aspect, it was intended to verify if Douglass North’s institucionalist theory would be suitable to explain the
regional inequality of the State of Rondônia considering that for this theoretical thought, the historical somehow would influence "Path Dependence." Therefore, it sought to test whether the historical context harnessed to the institutional changes would be interfering or not in the institutional performance of the mesoregions of Rondônia State. As great first action of this process was highlighted, in the Rondônia territory, the existence of two institutional changes that influence, in a different way, the respective mesoregions, which were related to the two great enterprises implanted in Rondônia, in other words, EFMM with impact on the mesoregional Madeira-Guaporé portion and BR-364 with impact on the mesoregional East portion, enlarging, this way, the analysis power. As second great action, it was colected indicators contained in the categories of "institutional capacity", of "environmental administration", of "regional economy" and of “life quality”, which allowed to get, with base in the factorial analysis and in the use of the statistical tool SPSS, to the indexes of municipal institutional performance, microregional and mesoregional of the State.based on the indexes of institutional performance collected by the research it was, therefore, highlighted that the economical history interfered in the mesoregional institutional performance of Rondônia,
which demonstrated a tendency of positive growth to the East mesoregion and negative for the Madeira-Guaporé mesoregion, proving the power "Path Dependence". However, aiming at to discover the capacity of explanation of the regional inequality with base on the social capital, starting from a qualitative context, the coherence of this result is evidenced with the theoretical thought of institutionalism of Douglass North considering the for the parameters of social capital used by the research, the power "Path Dependence" is, even more, transparent, which demonstrates how suitable are these theoretical perspectives for the explanation of the
regional inequality of the State of Rondônia, even when it comes to an outlying region
inserted in a country, also outlying, like Brazil itself.
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