The Amazon represents over half of the tropical forests in the world and has the highest biodiversity in the world, but continues to suffer serious environmental problems due to the illegal exploitation of its resources. Human populations living in these areas are indigenous and non-indigenous, largely rural, with intense miscegenation between white settlers, the indigenous native population and Africans who came as slaves. They are small producers who depend on and deeply know the nature and its cycles and use relatively simple technology, little impact on the environment. These populations living in rural areas are considered made vulnerable, especially children. This study aimed to assess the health situation of children from three population groups of the Amazon residents National Forest Caxiuanã (PA), the Sustainable Development Reserve Mamirauá (AM) and seven Quilombo communities (Africa / Laranjituba, St. Anthony , hoses, Spring, Oriximiná, Trumpets and Abacatal - PA). 990 children were analyzed 0 to 9 years of age compared to WHO criteria from 2008 to 2015. It was found that children Caxiuanã are in deficit height / age (26.15%) and children Mamirauá (17.9%), while among the Maroons the most serious situation was in the Spring community (35.72%). The difference between them was significant (p = 0.018) and the Tukey test indicates that children Caxiuanã are worse off with regard to weight / age. In general, all communities lack environmental sanitation, running water, have substandard housing, including without bathroom or internal health, which influences the high levels of intestinal parasites, skin infections and other diseases. Access to health services is often difficult due to the distances between homes and health centers, as in most cases the transport is poor. The Amazon region is vast and difficult to manage, but if there is no serious improvements in public policies in all sectors, children in rural areas still remain distant from international growth parameters in the 21st century Therefore, it is necessary that best public health programs are developed to the Amazon region, which are reflected in better quality growth and health.
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