Based on studies developed since the 1970s at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, this work is part of the Project "Natural Resources and Anthropology of Marine, Riverine and Estuarine Populations: Study of the relations between man and his environment" (RENAS). The village of Tamaruteua, located on the island of Cajutuba, in the municipality of Marapanim, in the micro-region of Salgado, was chosen as the study area. This work aims to describe the process of human occupation, the social uses and the local imaginary, related to the environment; taking into consideration the constant environmental and social transformations that have been occurring in this area since 1980. The methodology used in the fieldwork was direct observation, informal interview techniques, and photographic record. As results, it was verified that the natural phenomena, the marine erosion and the expansion of the mangrove, continue acting on the environment and can lead the population of Tamaruteua to search, on the island, new spaces for housing and the practice of fishing activity. Regarding the imaginary, it was noticed that the narratives of legendary character, elaborated from the empirical knowledge of the residents, are holders of elements that guide the issues of education and preservation of natural resources, which values the imaginary of the fishermen, thus recovering the knowledge and traditional practices of the fishing communities
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