Efeitos da mudança de combustíveis das usinas termoelétricas de Manaus na qualidades do ar
Manaus, a 2 million people city surrounded by primary Amazon forest, has the main source of energy obtained by fossil fuel burn. Add to that, the 600 thousand vehicles and the oil refining has been changing the atmospheric composition in the region. The energetic matrix has been changing the histori...
| Autor principal: | Silva, Adan Sady de Medeiros |
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| Grau: | Tese |
| Idioma: | por |
| Publicado em: |
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA
2020
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| Assuntos: | |
| Acesso em linha: |
https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/12964 http://lattes.cnpq.br/5685863781114652 |
| Resumo: |
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Manaus, a 2 million people city surrounded by primary Amazon forest, has the main source of energy obtained by fossil fuel burn. Add to that, the 600 thousand vehicles and the oil refining has been changing the atmospheric composition in the region. The energetic matrix has been changing the historical pattern from burning diesel and fuel oil to natural gas. The effects of this switch on air quality, although investigated for other regions of the globe, constitutes an unprecedented study in a tropical forest environment. To perform this analysis, a three-part study was conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-Chem) model. In the first part, the inventory of anthropogenic emissions from Manaus was proposed. Simulations were carried out, inserting that inventory in WRF-Chem, for March 2014, during the wet season of the region. The results indicate, based on the comparison between the simulations and the observational data collected during GoAmazon2014/5 project, that the proposed anthropogenic emissions inventory of Manaus represents both the spatial distribution and the mean values of O 3 and NO x at surface and at 500 m in altitude. For the second part, three scenarios were simulated for February 2018 to evaluate the effects of the fuel switching on air quality. In the first, Case A, diesel and fuel oil were used for the production of energy, representing the reality before the beginning of the change. Case B was based on the fuel used in 2014, constituting the current scenario of fossil fuel burn. Case C represents the future scenario, in which 100 % of the energy is expected to be generated from natural gas. The results show that NO x and CO emissions decreased by 89 % and 55 %, respectively, between Cases A and C, i.e., after the total change. The analysis of the simulations show that the change to natural gas reduces the maximum concentrations of ozone by more than 70 % in the most polluted days, emphasizing the importance of changing the energy matrix from diesel and fuel oil to natural gas form air quality perspective, specially in a rainforest environment. In the last part, the effects of the presence of the Rio Negro and Rio Solimões in the dispersion of pollutants emitted from Manaus are evaluated. To do this, two scenarios were simulated. The first, called “with rivers” (wR) simulated the pollution plume of Manaus considering the rivers as they are in reality. In the second scenario, called “without rivers” (woR), all rivers and floodplains were replaced by forest in the WRF-Chem landuse package. The results suggest that the river breeze induced by the thermal gradient between the rivers and the forest partially shift the Manaus plume. The concentrations of O 3, NO x , and CO were 28, 26, and 3 %higher, respectively, above Rio Negro in wR case near Manaus. The mean effect of the river breeze is confined to the first 200 m in altitude, which is confirmed on the analyses of flight data obtained at 500 m during GoAmazon2014/5 campaign. The perturbations in the concentrations of O 3, NO x , and CO downwind Manaus, at T3, were less then 6 % in monthly average, showing that although important, the river breeze is superimposed by the prevailing winds in the region. |