The Federal Constitution of 1988 has in its set of rules protecting forecast the environment, while providing for the free economic initiative. However, there is a difficulty in reconciling and ponder the front society needs the gap between economic development and environmental preservation. The environmental licensing institute, established through the police power, is the current Brazilian legal instrument expressed in the National Environmental Policy, to monitor and limit the potentially polluting activities, ensuring the protection of natural resources. It is therefore implementing object of sustainability. In this sense, the Amazon has been the scene of major debates about the licensing process for major projects and activities, given the possibility to generate an environmental impact in extreme proportions, as well as promote the development of the region. Thus, timely it is the study of hydroelectric Belo Monte as an emblematic case, analyzing all aspects considered in the licensing, to ensure the implementation of sustainable development, balancing economic and environmental interests. Keywords: environmental licensing; sustainability; Belo Monte.
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