The increasing use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) represents a public health concern
due to the associated risks, both in therapeutic and abusive doses, especially among gym-goers
in Brazil. These compounds, structurally similar to testosterone, are sought after by individuals
seeking quick physical changes. However, illicit purchases associated with a lack of medical
supervision increase health risks. Oxandrolone, used mainly by women due to the perceived
lower risk of serious side effects, is used in several medical conditions and for aesthetic
purposes, but its safety and possible impacts on female health are still a concern, given the
scarce literature on its effects. This study aims to highlight the possible risks and adverse effects
arising from the use of oxandrolone by women for esthetic or sporting purposes. This is an
integrative review searched in databases such as PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar. Using
inclusion and exclusion criteria, focusing on studies published since 2003. Based on the studies,
there are no reports of side effects at therapeutic doses, however, there are risks related to
oxandrolone overdose in women. Some articles suggest that oxandrolone is a less hepatotoxic
alternative and does not present adverse effects, however, the idea that this substance is free
from significant side effects is not unanimous in the scientific literature. Some authors highlight
the most common adverse effects associated with prolonged use of oxandrolone how thinning
and oily hair, alopecia, deepening of the voice, hair growth, acne on the face and body, bladder
irritation, dysregulation of the menstrual cycle, clitoral atrophy, increased libido, changes in
mood and loss of feminine characteristics. Furthermore, with abusive use, the adverse effects
of oxandrolone can be comprehensive and evident on the blood, cardiovascular, central nervous
system, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, renal, reproductive/endocrine and dermatological
systems, as well as manifesting as psychological and behavioral effects. Therefore, the decision
to use any anabolic steroid must be made with extreme caution and based on solid information,
with adequate professional monitoring and a deep understanding of the possible health
consequences.
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